![Harold Ickes's Watchful Eye](/content/images/size/w720/2023/12/issue-1-web-imags-nowthen-TH.jpg)
Harold Ickes's Watchful Eye
Harold Ickes—FDR’s Interior Secretary and director of the Public Works Administration—was a contradictory figure: a true believer, consummate cynic, loyal public servant, and fiercely independent malcontent. We’ll need many more bureaucrats like him if we want large, effective public programs again.